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References used for species in the Family Limulidae
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RefNo
 Description
Biggers, C., 2005 Horseshoe crab. Whozoo http://www.whozoo.org/Intro99/biggers/cbhorseshoe.htm [accessed 8/12/2005].
Bisby, F.A., M.A. Ruggiero, K.L. Wilson, M. Cachuela-Palacio, S.W. Kimani, Y.R. Roskov, A. Soulier-Perkins and J. van Hertum, 2005 Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2005 Annual Checklist. CD-ROM; Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Botton, M.L., 1984 Diet and food preferences of the adult horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA. Marine Biology 81(2):199-207.
Botton, M.L. and J.W. Ropes, 1989 Feeding ecology of horseshoe crabs on the continental shelf, New Jersey to North Carolina. Bull. Mar. Sci. 45(3):637-647.
Botton, M.L. and R.E. Loveland, 1989 Reproductive risk: high mortality associated with spawning by horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in Delaware Bay, USA. Marine Biology 101(2):143-151.
Brockmann, H.J., 1990 Mating behavior of horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. Behaviour 114(1-4):206-220.
Chatterji, A., J.K. Mishra, A.H. Parulckar and B.N. Desai, 1992 Feeding behaviours and food selection by Indian horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas. Hydrobiologia 246:41-48.
Cheung, W.L., R. Watson and D. Pauly, 2013 Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch. Nature 497:365-368.
Chiu, H.M.C. and B. Morton, 2004 The behavior of juvenile horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus (Xiphosura), on a nursery beach at Shui Hau Wan, Hong Kong. Hydrobiologia 523:29-35.
Chiu, H.M.C. and B. Morton, 1999 The distribution of horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) in Hong Kong. Asian Marine Biology 16.:185-196.
Chiu, H.M.C. and B. Morton, 2001 Growth and allometry of two horseshoe crab species, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura), in Hong Kong. Asian Marine Biology 18:129-141.
Cohen, J.A. and H.J. Brockmann, 1983 Limulus polyphemus. In Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Limulu_polyph.htm [accessed 8-12-2005].
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley, 1971 Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition).
De Lecea, A.M., S.T. Fennessy and A.J. Smit, 2013 Processes controlling the benthic food web of a mesotrphic bight (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) revealed by stable isotope analysis (supplementary). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 484:97-114.
Ehlinger, G., 2001 Species account: Limulus polyphemus. Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Smithsonian Marine Station at Ft. Pierce. Http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/limulu_polyph.html (accessed 8-12-2005)
FAO-FIES, 2007 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/1/en, [accessed 03/07/2008].
Gollasch, S. and S. Nehring, 2006 National checklist for aquatic alien species in Germany. Aquatic Invasions 1(4):245-269.
Graham, L.J., M.L. Botton, D. Hata, R.E. Loveland and B.R. Murphy, 2009 Prosomal-width-to-weight relationships in American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus): examining conversion factors used to estimate landings. Fishery Bulletin 107(2):235-243.
Harvey-Clark, C., 1997 Eastern tidepool and reef: north-central Atlantic marinelife guide. Hancock House Publishers, 64pp.
Horseshoe Crab Wildlife Fact File, 2005 Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). http://www.wildinfo.com/facts/Horseshoecrab.asp?page=/facts/Horseshoecrab.asp (accessed 9-12-2005)
IUCN, 2022 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. . Downloaded 15 September 2022.
Joob, B. and V. Wiwanitkit, 2015 Death rate due to horseshoe crab poisoning: summarization on Thai reports. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 3(6):503-504.
Khan, R.A., 2003 Observations on some aspects of the biology of horse-shoe crab, Carcinoscorpuis rotundicauda (Latreille) on mud flats of sunderban estuarine region. Rec. zool. Surv. India 101(Part 1-2):1-23
Lamerato, A., 2001 Limulus polyphemus. Animal Diversity Web (accessed 9-12-2005).
Lee, C.N. and B. Morton, 2005 Experimentally derived estimates of growth by juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura) from nursery beaches in Hongkong. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 318:39-49.
Lin, H., Y. Nagashima, P. Jiang, X. Qin, Y. Lu and C. Zhang, 2012 Screening for toxicity and resistance to paralytic shellfish toxin of shore crabs inhabiting at Leizhou peninsula, China. Marine Environmental Research 78:48-52.
Manca, A., F. Mohamad, A. Ahmad, M.F.A.M. Sofa and N. Ismail, 2017 Tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (L.) in Sabah, Malaysia: the adult body sizes and population estimate. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 10:355-361.
MarineBio Conservation Society, 2005 Horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=281 [Accessed 08/12/2005].
MarineSpecies.org, 2050 MarineSpecies.org. http://www.marinespecies.org/index.php
Mohamad, F., A. Manca, A. Ahmad, M.F.A.M. Sofa, A.A. Alia’m and N. Ismail, 2016 Width-weight and length-weight relationships of the tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (Leach 1819) from two populations in Sabah, Malaysia: implications for population management. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 11(1):1-13.
Morton, B., S.F. Leung and K.F. Leung, 2021 The biology and functional morphology of Meretrix cf. meretrix (Bivalvia: Veneridae: Meretricinae) at Tong Fuk Miu Wan, Shui Hau, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Regional Studies in Marine Science 45:1-14.
Muda, W.L.W., A. Samat, Z.C. Cob and M.A. Ghaffar, 2010 Checklist of marine epibenthic invertebrate species from Mersing, Johor. pp 203-212, In Mohamed, C.A.R.; Sahrani, F.K.; Manaf, A.A.; Omar, M.; Cob, Z.C.; Nie, L.J. (eds) The studies of Johor East Coast: Preserve Mersing Heritage. Pusat Penyelidikan Ekosistem Marin, UKM.
Ng, P.K.L. and N. Sivasothi (eds.), 2001 Horseshoe crabs: Mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Family Limulidae. A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore. http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/2076.htm (accessed 9-12-2005).
Qin, H., 2020 Hong Kong's horshoe crabs. https://www.biosch.hku.hk/ecology/porcupine/por16/huang.htm [Accessed 22/07/2020].
Qin, H., H. Chiu and B. Morton, 2005 Nursery beaches for horseshoe crabs in Hong Kong. Porcupine Website. Http://www.hku.hk/ecology/porcupine/por18/crabs.htm[accessed 9-12-2005]. p. 9-10
Razak, M.R. and Z. Kassim, 2018 Comparison of horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus gigas) morphometry between different populations using allometric analysis. AACL Bioflux 11(1):143-157.
Ropes, J.W., 1961 Longevity of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus (L). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 90(1):79-80.
Sea Grant, 2005 Past and present. University of Delaware Sea Grant College Program. http://www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/pastpresent.html (accessed 8-12-2005)
Selander, R.K., S.Y. Yang, R.C. Lewontin and W.E. Johnson, 1970 Genetic variation in the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), a phylogenetic "relic". Evolution 24(2):402-414.
Shuster, C.N., 1957 Xiphosura (with special reference to Limulus polyphemus). Geological Society of America Memoirs 1(67):1171-1174.
Shuster, C.N. Jr., 1982 A pictorial review of the natural history and ecology of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, with reference to other Limulidae. In Physiology and Biology of Horseshoe Crabs: Studies on Normal and Environmentally Stressed Animals. Alan R. Liss, Inc. New York. 52 p.
Tai, K.K., 2005 Ecological status and conservation of soft shore habitats in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Kowloon, City University of Hong Kong, MSc Thesis, 267 p.
Tan, A.N., A. Christianus, S. Shakibazadeh and P. Hajeb, 2012 Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus gigas (Müller, 1785) Spawning Population at Balok Beach, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 15(13):610-20.
Tanacredi, J.T. (ed.), 2001 Limulus in the limelight: A species 350 million years in the making and in Peril?. Springer. 178p. ISBN 0306466813.
Vijayakumar, R., S. Das, A. Chatterji and A.H. Parulekar, 2000 Morphometric characteristics in the horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas (Arthropoda: Merostomata). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 29:333-335.
Waggoner, B., 1995 Xiphosura. Google Scholar. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/chelicerata/xiphosura.html (accessed 8-12-2005)
Walls, E.A., J. Berkson and S.A. Smith, 2002 The horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus: 200 million years of existence, 100 years of study. Reviews in Fisheries Science 10(1):39-73.
Yang, C.-M., C.-P. Che, H.-L. Hsieh, H. Huang and C.A. Chen, 2009 Phylogeography, demographic history, and reserves network of horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, in the south and east China seaboards. p. 163-181 In Tanacredi, J.T.; Botton, M.L.; Smith, D. Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs, Springer: New York.
Yang, K.C. and H.S. Ko, 2015 First record of tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (Merostomata: Xiphosurida: Limulidae) from Korean Waters. Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers 31(1):42-45.
Yeo, D.C.J., T. Swee Hee and P.K.L. Ng, 2008 Horseshoe crabs (Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Merostomata) and Decapod crustaceans (Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Crustacea: Order Decapoda). In pp. 110-128, 259-262, Davison, G.W.H.; Ng, P.K.L.; Ho, H.C., 2008. The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened plants and animals of Singapore. Singapore: The Nature Society, 285pp.
Zhou, H. and B. Morton, 2004 The diets of juvenile horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura), from nursery beaches proposed for conservation in Hong Kong. Journal of Natural History 38(15):1915-1925.