Cephalopoda |
Oegopsida |
Ommastrephidae | Illicinae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Pelagic-oceanic; depth range 0 - 1000 m (Ref. 417), usually 100 - 600 m (Ref. 2464). Subtropical, preferred 21°C (Ref. 107945); 61°N - 20°S, 98°W - 36°E (Ref. 275)
Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 20.7 range ? - ? cm Max length : 28.0 cm ML male/unsexed; (Ref. 104052); 38 cm ML (female); max. reported age: 1.00 years (Ref. 2450)
Eggs range from 0.08 to 0.13 cm (Ref. 2465). Egg jelly completely transparent and egg chorion swells as embryo develops reaching a diameter of about 0.2 cm during hatching. Paralarvae reach a mantle length of 0.14 cm (Ref. 2462).
Paralarvae: No ocular or visceral photophores; suckers on proboscis tip equal in size; proboscis length characteristically 50 to 75% mantle length; proboscis division begins at 0.4 cm mantle length and is completed at 10 cm mantle length. Juveniles and adults: Arms with 2 rows of suckers. Tentacular club with 8 transverse rows of minute subequal suckers. Largest sucker rings on manus of club are notched, forming low, truncate to bluntly rounded crenulations in distal half or throughout.; not smooth. Tentacular fixing apparatus weakly developed. Left or right male ventral arm hectocotylized with modified length ranging from 15 to 33% of arm length, distal trabeculae modified to papillose flaps. Length of suckerless base of hectocotylized arm is about 13% of total length of arm. Head-width index high, 23 (19-26) in mature males and 19 (15-22) in mature females. Lower beak with long and strong jaw edge; upper beak with long and strong hood. Funnel cartilage is T-shaped and inversed. Fins are rhomboid, width range from 45 to 60% of the mantle length. Mantle width 15 to 25% of mantle length. Funnel groove without foveola or lateral pockets (Ref. 275).
Females grow larger than males (Ref. 3722). Neritic, oceanic (Ref. 91956). Inhabits muddy, sandy and detritic bottoms covered with Funiculina spp. (Ref. 2453) in middle and lower sub-littoral and upper bathyal zones in temperate latitudes. In general, juveniles and adults share the same depth range throughout the year; many large individuals can be found in deeper waters (Ref. 64257). Performs diel vertical movements (Ref. 275) as well as seasonal migrations (Ref. 64257). Opportunistic predator (Ref. 2450, 64257), feeding on the most abundant prey available, even consuming tunicates (Ref. 64257). Mainly feeds on fish, crustaceans and cephalopods (Refs. 2450, 64257). Comes very close to the seabed but was observed to mainly feed on prey swimming off the bottom (Ref. 64257). Exhibits cannibalism (Ref. 2482).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Mature eggs in ovary and oviducts range between 50,000 and 200,000 (Ref. 2464). Number and length of spermatophores increase with size of animal, number varying from 81 to 1,555 and mantle length between 1.4 and 3.8 cm. Fecundity varies in animal size (Ref. 2451). Embryonic development takes about 10 to 14 days at 15°C (Ref. 2466). Juveniles are active swimmers, exhibiting gentle jet propulsion typical of planktonic cephalopod paralarvae, maintaining a head down and oblique position (Ref. 2462). Intermittent spawner lasting from a few days to a few weeks (Ref. 2467). Spawning occurs all year with seasonal peaks varying widely with areas and seasons. Sex ratio is 1:1 (Ref. 2450).
Piatkowski, U. 2006. (Ref. 2450)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Tools
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 6.6 - 19.9, mean 11.6 (based on 922 cells).
Resilience
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.2-0.21; tm=0.6; tmax=1).
Prior r = 0.61, 95% CL = 0.40 - 0.91, Based on 3 full stock assessments.
Vulnerability
Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Nutrients: Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.5 [13.7, 17.4] %; Omega3 = 0.414 [0.262, 0.566] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight).
