| Main Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found primarily coastal, continental shelf and slope waters; there are records from more than 600 km offshore. Feeds on small schooling fish and invertebrates such as cephalopods, crustaceans and gastropods. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.50 | 0.80 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Naya, D.E., M. Arim and R. Vargas, 2002 | ||||