Bivalvia | 
Venerida | 
Veneridae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; brackish; depth range 0 - 40 m (Ref. 114765).  Subtropical, preferred 15°C (Ref. 107945); 70°N -   35°S, 25°W -   36°E			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea:  Norway to South Africa, east to Egypt, Gulf of Suez.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm 2.2  range ? - ? cm Max length : 7.7 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 109255); common length : 4.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 437); max. reported age: 10 years (Ref. 2823)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Longevity wild refers to the synonym Venerupis pullastra (Ref. 2823). Found buried along the sub-littoral zone in fine-grained sandy or gravel substrates with less than 30% mud content (Refs. 114581, 7882). A microvore that feeds on organic detritus (Ref. 96352).  Also in Refs. 2711, 96292.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the class Bivalvia are mostly gonochoric, some are protandric hermaphrodites.  Life cycle:  Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger, resembling a miniature clam.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Fischer, W., G. Bianchi and W.B. Scott (eds.) 1981 Bivalves. 6: pag.var. In FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic (fishing areas 34, 47; in part). Canada Funds-in-Trust. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, by arrangement with the Food and AgriculturesOrganization of the United Nations, 1-7: pag.var. (Ref. 437)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
					  Harmless				
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: commercial			
			
			
				 | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 14.5 - 26.2, mean 18.8 (based on 176 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.23; tmax=10).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).				
						
			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 149 [71, 228]  mg/100g; Iron = 8.53 [1.95, 15.11]  mg/100g; Protein = 9.88 [8.64, 11.12] %; Omega3 = 0.313 [0.202, 0.423]  g/100g; Selenium = 61 [50, 72]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 2.04 [0.56, 3.51]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.