Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Alcidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
; εύρος βάθους 0 - 180 m (Αναφ. 62202). Temperate; 79°N - 32°N, 127°E - 61°E (Αναφ. 124582)
Northern Pacific, Northern Atlantic and the Arctic.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Weight / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 43.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Αναφ. 8812); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 992.50 g (Αναφ. 356)
Culmen: 4.83 cm; tarsus: 3.75 cm; wing: 20.3 cm.
Total Length: 40 to 43 cm; Wingspan: 71 cm (Ref. 8812). Inhabits the continental shelf; <100 km (Ref. 356). One of the largest global population of seabirds at >10 million individuals. Slender-billed fit for predominantly fish diet. Feed on sandeels (Ammodytes marinus) and capelins (Mallotus villosus) . Based on stable isotope analysis (SIA) diet study of egg albumin, belongs to lower N signature group (based on ratios of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon) indicating a more planktivorous diet early in the breeding season and shifts to a piscivorous diet when raising its chicks in late summer (Ref. 87784). Displays pursuit diving behavior (Ref. 356). Carry prey in their bills back to their colony; adults feed their chicks with regurgitated food; breeding pairs sharing incubation and chick-rearing duties (Ref. 95711). With flexible time-budgets that allow adults more feeding time during lean years. Breed in colonies on cliff sides. Vocal interactions in the colony by way of repeated waves of calling sounds. Fostering recorded with Thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia). Appeasement or fight avoidance posture in incubating birds include turning away and flattening themselves against a cliff. Semi-precocial. Chicks leave nest after attaining 25% of adult body mass. Highly vulnerable to environmental pollution such as PCB pesticide pollution reported on Long Island in the early 1970s and oil pollution from the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, and the Apex Houston oil spill in 1986 off the Californian coast. High levels of selenium reported in eggs and tissues of birds from Puget Sound that is linked to lower survivability and reproductive failure due to kidney and liver damage and congenital deformities. The 1993 ENSO event in the Gulf of Alaska saw mortality in the thousands due to starvation. Globally most widely affected by mortality due to fishing net entrapment recorded in northern Norway, the western Bering Sea, the Farallon Islands, waters off eastern Newfoundland, western Greenland (Ref. 87784).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Eggs | Γονιμότητα | Larvae
Barrett, R.T., M. Asheim and V. Bakken 1997 Ecological relationships between two sympatric congeneric species, Common Murres and Thick-billed Murres, Uria aalge and U. lomvia, breeding in the Barents Sea. Can. J. Zool. 75:618-631. (Αναφ. 4085)
IUCN Red List Status
(Αναφ. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Αναφ. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Εργαλεία
Περισσότερες πληροφορίες
Population dynamicsΑύξησηMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionΑφθονία Life cycleΑναπαραγωγή
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση
Γονιμότητα
Γεννοβολία
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologyΚατανάλωση οξυγόνου
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 0.4 - 11.6, mean 4.9 (based on 1620 cells).
Ελαστικότητα
Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (K=17.97-33.84).
Fishing Vulnerability
Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.
