Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range
Ekologi
. Tropical; 83°N - 86°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 124582)
Circumglobal. Tropical to polar.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Könsmognad: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 38.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 8812); publicerad maxvikt: 110.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 3.35 cm; tarsus: 1.69 cm; wing: 27.0 cm.
Total Length: 33 to 38 cm; Wingspan: 79 to 81 cm (Ref. 8812). Coastal (Ref. 356), found in the beach, shoreline, and pelagic zone (Ref. 116102). Displays surface plunging and dipping (Ref. 356). "Erect" and "sky-pointing" display as an appeasement posture during nesting and in pairing. High level of territorial aggression during pre-incubation and hatching periods. European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) feed on its eggs. Colonial behavior as an anti-predatory tactic by confusing or intimidating its predator. Ruddy Turnstones (A. interpres) steal fish delivered by parents of young birds in colonial nesting sites. Surface feeder. Moves across the great distance from the polar northern hemisphere to the southern polar region to feed after the breeding season; when feeding, tend to spread out pelagically instead of in groups. 1988 La Niña event linked to fledging failure on Mousa Island off Scotland (Ref. 87784).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Lepage, D. 2007 Avibase -the World Bird Database. http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp [accessed 09/07/2007]. (Ref. 7816)
IUCN Red List Status
(Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Verktyg
Ytterligare information
Life cycleReproduktion
Könsmognad
Fecundity
Lek
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologySyreförbrukning
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Internet-källor
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 0.4 - 13.3, mean 6.8 (based on 2468 cells).
Resiliens
Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=67.24-75.43).
Fishing Vulnerability
Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.